Life cycle of the mole cricket

 Partition mode:

Order:orthoptera

Family: Gryllotalpidae

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa

 Conformation: incomplete

 Harmful stage: Nymph stage and complete insects

 Mouth parts: biting

 Description of the insect:

 Adult insects are large in size, 4-5.5 cm long. Their body is cylindrical and brown in colour. There is short, light-coloured hair on the body. The first thoracic ring is characterized by being large and solid, while the hind wings are longer to cover the body when resting, which helps the insect to fly.

 Plant families on which insects feed

 These insects feed on seeds below the surface of the soil, such as the seeds of cotton plants, corn, potatoes, potatoes, tomatoes, and vegetable plants, such as plants of the cucurbit family, such as watermelon. They also feed on fruits located above the surface of the soil, such as cucumbers and squash, and they feed on fruits of the leguminous family, such as beans. They also infect tubers below the surface of the soil, such as potatoes and yams. These insects can feed on Animal food, so they prey on earthworms and some of the insect larvae that they encounter in the ground, such as cutworms and cotton leafworms. However, if the size of these insects increases, their density and numbers increase, and their food decreases, they prey on some of them, and this phenomenon is called the cannibalism 

 When an infestation appears, the mole cricket  infestations 

 usually appear from seed placement and the longevity of the plant, as borer insects spread in Egypt from north to south in agricultural lands, gardens, the Nile Islands, waterways, drains, and the sides of canals, where adult insects can pass through the tunnels they make beneath the surface of the soil in wet lands. These insects are highly sensitive to drought

The complete insect life cycle of the mole cricket 

 They make two types of tunnels. The first type they make while they are roaming and feeding. They are turbid tunnels close to the surface of the soil, with a diameter of about 1-1.5 cm. They allow insects to pass while they are roaming and feeding, while the second type is below the surface of the soil at a depth of 15 to 20 cm. These insects make this tunnel. With the aim of laying eggs and storing food or nourishment in it, the female of these insects builds a room on one side of the tunnel. This room is made of clay mixed with plant parts, with a diameter of about 15 cm. This room is called the living room, and is made by the females with the aim of laying eggs in it. The female remains guarding this room until incubation. The house until the eggs hatch, and the incubation period for the eggs reaches three weeks. Mating may occur between females and males in the spring, and the female lays about 500 eggs. When the eggs hatch and the nymphs emerge, she spends a few days inside the tunnel and then emerges searching for food. These harriers have 10 lifespans and then transform into the full-grown insect. Within a year, and the lifespan of adult insects is about a year. These insects have one generation every two years. During this period, they live inside the tunnels in the form of adult insects or insects in the winter, while in the spring they begin to be active and reach their peak of activity during the month of May.

دوره حياه الحشرات الحفار أو كلب البحر

 الحفار أو كلب البحر

الوضع التقسيمي :

رتبه مستقيمه الأجنحة 

Order:orthoptera

Family: Gryllotalpidae

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa 🦗🦗🦗🦗

 التشكل :ناقص 

الطور الضار: الحريات والحشرات الكامله

 أجزاء الفم :قارضة

وصف الحشره :

الحشرات الكامله كبيره الحجم طولها من 4- 5.5 سم جسمها اسطواني لونه بني يوجد على الجسم وبر قصير لونه فاتح تتميز الحلقه الصدريه الأولى بأنها ذات حجم كبير وبتكون صلبه بينما الأجنحة الخلفيه فهي أطول لتغطي الجسم وقت الراحه مما يساعد الحشره علي الطيران

العوائل:

 بتتغذى هذه الحشرات على البذور أسفل سطح التربه ك بذور نباتات القطن والذرة والبطاطس والبطاطا طماطم ونباتات الخضر ك نباتات العائله القرعية ك البطيخ و تتغذى أيضا على الثمار الموجوده فوق سطح التربه كالخيار و القرع و تتغذى على ثمار العائله البقولية كالفول كذلك تصيب الدرنات أسفل سطح التربه كالبطاطس والبطاطا ويمكن لهذه الحشرات أن تتغذى غذاء حيوانيآ فتقوم بإفتراس ديدان الأرض وبعض من اليرقات الحشرات التي تقابلها في الأرض ك دوده القارضه و دوده ورق القطن بينما إذا زاد حجم هذه الحشرات وزادت كثافتها و أعدادها وقال غذائها فإنها تفترس بعضها وتسمى هذه الظاهره بظاهرة الإفتراس الذاتي cannibalism 

ميعاد ظهور إصابه عادآ تظهر الإصابه بالحفارات من وضع البذور وطول عمر النبات حيث تنتشر حشرات الحفار في مصر من شمالها لجنوبها في الأراضي الزراعيه والحدائق وجزر النيل و المساقي والمصارف و جوانب الترعه حيث تستطيع حشرات الكامله أن تعبر من خلال الأنفاق التي تصنعها أسفل سطح التربه في الأراضي الرطبه وتتميز هذه الحشرات بأنها ذات حساسيه شديده للجفاف

دوره الحياه الحشرات الكامله للحفار 

بتصنع نوعين من الأنفاق النوع الأول بتصنعة أثناء تجولها وتغذيتها وبتكون أنفاق متعركة قريبه من سطح التربه وقطر بيصل حوالي 1-1.5 سم يسمح بمرور الحشرات أثناء تجولها وتغذيتها بينما النوع الثاني بيكون أسفل سطح التربه بعمق يصل من 15 ل 20 سم وهذه الحشرات تقوم بصنع هذا النفق بهدف وضع البيض وتخزين الطعام أو الغذاء فيه وتقوم أنثى هذه الحشرات ببناء غرفه على إحد جانبي النفق هذه الغرفه تكون مصنوعه من الطين ممزوجة بأجزاء نباتيه قطرها بيصل حوالي 15 سم هذه الغرفه تسمى بغرفه العيش تصنعها الإناث بهدف وضع البيض فيها فتبقى الأنثى حارسه لهذه الغرفه حتى حضانه البيت حتى يفقس البيض وتصل فتره حضانه البيض لثلاث أسابيع وقد يحدث تزاوج بين الإناث والذكور في الربيع وتقوم الأنثى بوضع حوالي 500 بيضه وعندما يفقس البيض وتخرج الحريات تقضي بضعة ايام داخل النفق ثم تخرج باحثه عن الغذاء هذه الحريات لها 10 أعمار ثم تتحول إلى الحشره الكامله وذلك خلال سنه كما أن عمر الحشرات الكامله حوالي سنه لهذه الحشرات جيل واحد كل سنتين خلال هذه الفتره تسكن داخل الأنفاق على هيئه حشرات كامله أو حريات في فصل الشتاء بينما في الربيع يبدا في النشاط وتصل قمه نشاطها خلال شهر مايو

The life cycle of desert locust insects

 Description of locust insects with a solitary appearance:

 In this appearance, these insects are green with black markings, while the adult insect becomes greyish-green in color until it reaches sexual maturity.

 Main locations of desert locusts

 1- The first region is located in Sudan, Eritrea, and Abyssinia

 2-The second region is located in western Sudan and the Sahara desert regions

 3- The third region is Yemen, after the regions of the Arabian Peninsula

 The life cycle of these insects?

 When the insects become sexually mature, mating occurs between females and males, and the fertilization process may take several hours, and one male can fertilize several females. The females choose suitable places with dry, moist soil in which to lay their eggs, using an egg-laying machine, which they insert into the soil and secrete a substance.  She lays one egg after another until she finishes the egg mass. The egg mass ranges from 20 to 99 eggs in one hole, and a single female can lay 300 eggs during her life cycle.

 Bridges often choose canals, waterways, light agricultural lands, and valleys, and bury their eggs in them.

 Description of locust eggs

 Locust eggs are characterized by their spindle-shaped shape, with a yellow color. As the embryo grows, the color becomes brown. They need a high enough humidity for the embryo to grow. The lower the humidity level, the lower the hatching rate of the eggs. The incubation period for the eggs is 10 days, and this period varies depending on the temperature. This period may be longer in the winter to  More than two months, the length of the young nymphs in their first ages ranges from 11 to 12 millimeters and increases in size with each molt. Their voraciousness in feeding increases and they begin to form wings at the third age. The length of the nymphs stage lasts from three to four months, and the number of nymphs stages increases until it reaches  The adult insect has five lifespans and may reach sexual maturity after 2-4 weeks when appropriate conditions exist for growth until it reaches the adult stage.

Swarms of desert locusts

 Symptoms of injury and damage:

 Swarms of locusts feed voraciously on existing plants and green spaces, leaving their families with dry leaves.

 Desert locust control

 It is preferable that control be carried out in desert locust breeding areas through the following methods

 1- By getting rid of eggs by plowing the land and obtaining egg masses without exposing them to biological predators and weather factors, or by burning these masses.

 2- Combating nymphs by using flamethrowers, which are machine guns filled with gasoline.

 3- Using poisonous baits by mixing the pesticide with wet bran and scattering it early in the morning in places where freedom is gathered.

4- Biological control using some predators that feed on locust eggs and some parasites and insect parasites that feed on eggs, while adult insects and insects use some types of birds, lizards, snakes and some insect predators, such as the predatory praying mantis, which feeds on insects and adult insects, as well as using various types of  Intrusive mites

Desert locust insects

divisional mode

 Order: Orthoptera

 Family: Acrididae

 schistocerca gregaria

 Type of mouth parts: rodent

 Harmful phase: freedom and adult insects

 Description of migratory locust insects

 The length of the entire locust is about 5 cm, while the female is slightly larger than the male before sexual maturity. Its color is reddish and turns yellow during puberty. The front wings are characterized by the presence of small brown squares. The first thoracic ring bears three gutters, while the hind wings are transparent.

  the color The insect :is brown in its first stages, then turns orange with black parts as it grows. While the adult insect's color becomes reddish before puberty, then becomes yellow at sexual maturity, and these colors are more apparent in the males of these insects than in the females.

 These insects are characterized by the fact that they reproduce far from the places where they invade and feed. As for the place where they lay eggs, the insects grow and feed until they reach the stage of the full insect.

 The phenomenon of migratory or migratory locusts

This is a result of the high and dense numbers of insects that feed voraciously, and their movements become active with the rise in temperature, which leads to crowding of individuals in their places of presence, lack of food, and lack of grasses on which they feed, which leads to them gathering in very large and large numbers, so they work to form groups and fly in a circular manner above the rest of the individuals. Some of these insects fly with them, and the number of flying insects increases, and they travel and migrate to places full of food and vast green spaces, causing widespread losses. They may cause the loss of the entire green area and eliminate it. They may migrate from one continent to another, or from one country to another. They move very quickly during the day. If its group moves and flies in a certain direction, the rest moves behind it, creating the phenomenon of nomadism

Diseases caused by slime fungi

 Division: myxomycota

 Following the slime fungi, the gelatinous fungi are divided into two classes:

 Class: myxomycetes

 Class: plasmodiophoromycetes

 Vegetative body: It consists of masses of wallless protoplasm called plasmodium

 Movement: It looks like an amoeba

 Living: It lives as a parasite inside plant cuttings, especially high-quality vascular plants

 Reproduction: Through single-celled spores that may be mobile or stationary, with a spherical shape and a single set of chromosomes. They are covered in a smooth chitinous covering that preserves them and protects them from unsuitable conditions. When suitable conditions exist, they germinate and transform into mobile spores that produce two spores of different lengths.

 It includes a number of ranks, such as:

 Order: plasmodiophorales

 This order includes a large number of families, such as:

 Family: plasmodiophoraceae

 Which in turn includes a large number of pathogens, such as the causative agent of clubroot disease in the Cruciferous family, and the fungus that causes powdery potato scab.

Seedling death disease

Fungus causative

 Pythium debaryanum

 Funge shape:

 The mycelium of the fungus is undivided and has many branches. At the end of these branches are spongy sacs that germinate with the formation of ciliary spores.

 Penetration is direct penetration in a few cases. Reproduction: sexually by oocysts, and penetration of host cells into cells or between cells occurs.

 Penetration: by mechanical pressure or secretion of enzymes

 Symptoms:

•  When this fungus infects plants or seeds, whether in pots or in permanent soil, it leads to the elimination of seedlings and the elimination of seeds.
•  The second case is when the seedlings are infected, but before they appear on the soil surface, this leads to rotting and death before they appear on the soil surface.
•  The third case is when the seedling is infected, but after it appears above the soil surface, this leads to the death of the seedling and its rotting and rotting of the stem
•  The occurrence of dormancy of the infected plants and the drop of the top of the affected seedlings down leads to the absence of many seedlings above the soil surface, especially in ornamental plants, and thus causes severe losses in ornamental plants.

 Ways to combat it

•  Cultivation of seeds of ornamental plants in a fungus-free soil by sterilizing them with a 5% formalin solution two weeks before planting, with good ventilation to remove formal fumes.
•  Treating seeds with fungal disinfectants
•  Moderate irrigation and prevent crowding of plants
•  Cultivation of fungus-resistant varieties

مرض موت البادرات

 

فطر المسبب

Pythium debaryanum

شكل الفطر :

ميسيليوم الفطر بيكون غير مقسم كثير التفرعات بيكون موجود في نهايه هذه التفرعات أكياس إسبورنجيه تنبت بتكوين الجراثيم الهدبيه 

يكون إختراق اختراقا مباشرآ في قليل من الأحيان تكاثر: جنسيا بواسطه الجراثيم البيضيه وبيحدث إختراق لهيفات العائل للخلايا أو بين الخلايا 

الأختراق: بيكون عن طريق الضغط الميكانيكي أو إفراز الإنزيمات 

الأعراض :

• عندما يصيب هذا الفطر النباتات أو البذور سواء في الأصص أو في الأرض المستديمه بيؤدي إلى القضاء على البادرات والقضاء على البذور 
• الحاله الثانيه عند إصابه البادرات ولكن قبل ظهورها فوق سطح التربه يؤدي ذلك إلى تعفنها وموتها قبل ظهورها فوق سطح التربه
•  الحاله الثالثه عند إصابه البادرات ولكن بعد ظهورها فوق سطح التربه بيؤدي ذلك إلى موت البادرات وتعفنها وتعفن السويقه 
•  حدوث رقاد للنباتات المصابه وتدلي القمه الشتله المصابه لأسفل يؤدي إلى عدم ظهور كثير من البادرات فوق سطح التربه  وخصوصا في نباتات الزينه وبالتالي يسبب خسائر شديده في نباتات الزينه 

 ‏طرق مكافحتها 

•  ‏زراعه البذور النباتات الزينه في تربه خاليه من الفطر وذلك عن طريق تعقيمها بمحلول فورمالين 5% قبل الزراعه بأسبوعين مع التهويه الجيده لإزاله الأبخره الفورماليه
•  ‏ معامله البذور بالمطهرات الفطريه 
•  ‏الأعتدال في الري ومنع تزاحم النباتات 
•  ‏زراعه اصناف مقاومه لفطر 

الأمراض التي تسببها الفطريات اللزجه

            Division: myxomycota

 بتتبع الفطريات اللزجه قسم الفطريات الهلاميه التي تنقسم إلي طائفتان هما 

Class: myxomycetes

Class: plasmodiophoromycetes

الجسم الخضري: بيتكون من كتل من البروتوبلازم عديم الجدار بيسمى plasmodium 

•  الحركه: بتكون شبيهه بالأميبا 
• المعيشه: بيعيش متطفلا داخل العاقل النباتي وخصوصاً النباتات الوعائية الراقيه 
• تكاثر :عن طريق جراثيم وحيده الخلايا قد تكون متحركه أو ساكنه ذات شكل كروي أحاديه المجموعه الكروموسومية بتكون مغلفة بغلاف كيتيني أملس يحفظها ويقيها من الظروف الغير ملائمة عند تواجد الظروف الملائمة فإنها تنبت وبتتحول إلى جراثيم متحركه ينبت لها صوتين ذات أطوال مختلفه

بتضم عداد من الرتب مثل

Order: plasmodiophorales

وهذه الرتبه تضم عدد كبير من العائلات مثل

Family: plasmodiophoraceae

التي هي بدورها تضم عدد كبير من مسببات من مسببات الأمراض كمسبب مرض الورم الجذر الصولجاني في العائله الصليبيه والفطر المسبب لمرض الجرب البطاطس المسحوقي