Life cycle of Aphis gossypii

 It follows the order Homoptera

 Morphology: progressively imperfect

 Harmful phase: adult and Nymph stage in insects

 Mouthparts: piercing, sucking

 Critical economic limit: 200 insects per 25 seedlings. The time for the infestation to appear is from the end of March to the end of May and from mid-June to mid-August, and the infestation begins at the edges of the ground.

 Description of the insect: A small insect with a blue-green color

 Aphid individuals:

They are characterized by the presence of two appendages close to the abdomen from the upper side, called cornicles

 Aphids are distinguished by their piercing, sucking mouthparts with styloid parts, which the insect can insert into the epidermis of the plant or the growing apex of the plant. It feeds on the plant’s sap by sucking it from the plant. Most cotton aphids appear without wings, and they are all females that reproduce virginally and give birth directly without  They are pollinated by males, but when the adult insects rush to leave the place and move to another crop, as a result of one of the following reasons, such as drying out of plants, a change in temperature, or a change in the percentage of humidity to a degree that is not appropriate and allows the life of the aphid individuals, then the adults give birth to insects with wings.  It has the ability to fly and move to other obstacles to repeat its life cycle

Plant families on which insects feed

 Aphids are considered to have multiple families and infect several families, reaching approximately 50 species of plant families, including okra, the mallow family, sesame, and vegetable types of the Cucurbitaceae family, such as cucumbers, squash, watermelon, cantaloupe, the nightshade family, citrus trees, and cotton.

 Life cycle of a cotton Aphids gosspii

 Cotton Aphids reproduce and give birth to female nymphs directly on the leaves of the plant and on the terminal buds. Immediately after birth, the nymphs begin to move in a simple manner and then begin to insert parts of the mouth through the sucker and feed directly by sucking the sap from the epidermis of the plant leaf or from the growing apex if it is present on it and connects. The freedoms reach the stage of the full insect after a very short period, and they also begin to complete their life cycle and give birth to females directly.

 When cotton is infested with aphids

 Cotton infects during two periods, the first period when it is a young seedling in late March until early June

 While the second period occurs when the plants are large in size and takes place from mid-August until September. As a result of the aphids feeding on a large percentage of carbohydrates, they excrete them in the form of secretions with a high sugar content and excrete them through the anus called honey dew.

Aphid nymph molt in four stages, and after the fourth molt, the larvae turn into the stage of the full insect. They have four lifespans until they reach the stage of molting within four days during the summer, while they reach the stage of molting within three weeks during the winter.

 Aphids are active throughout the year and have 54 generations per year that have been recorded in Egypt

 Appearance of injury and damage

 As a result of adult Nymph stage and insects sucking plant sap using parts or parts of the sucker, it causes wrinkling of the leaves, as well as yellowing and drying of the leaves.

 When the infection is severe, it leads to the death of the growing top of the plant and the cessation of plant growth, resulting in its weakness and lack of fruit

 When aphids infect large plants, they weaken

 Aphids also secrete a high percentage of honeydew, which helps in the growth of various fungi on these hosts

 Control

 Get rid of weeds that are considered central hosts for aphids and through which they are transmitted to crops

 Aphids must be detected directly when they are in small numbers before they multiply and increase in number, and the infected leaves are collected and destroyed.

 Using biological control, such as endoparasitic insects, such as insects of the order Hymenoptera, as these individuals have the ability to lay eggs inside the aphid individuals. The eggs hatch, and the larvae emerge and feed on the internal content of the aphid, and then emerge from the aphid as complete insects.

 Use predators that feed on aphids, such as the lion's mane fly or the 11-spotted aphid

 Using biological control and spraying the infection spots, such as Kabolo 50%.

 and Marshall 25%

 Gasho 70%

 Onicol 30%

 Using chemical alternatives, such as using biological compounds such as MBID 49%

 Yeast solution

 KZ Opel

 

من القطن مظهر الإصابة والضرر

يتبع رتبة متشابهة الأجنحة 

 التشكل: ناقص تدريجي

 الطور الضار: الحريات والحشرات الكاملة

 أجزاء الفم: ثاقبة ماصة 

الحد الاقتصادي الحرج :200 حشره لكل 25 بادرة ميعاد ظهور الإصابة من أخر مارس أخر مايو و من منتصف يونيو لمنتصف أغسطس وبتبدا الإصابة في الحواف الأرض 

وصف الحشره: حشرة صغيرة الحجم ذات لون أخضر يميل إلى الزرقاء 

أفراد المن: بتتميز بوجود زائدتين تكون قريبه من البطن من الجهه العلويه بتسميcornicles 

حشرات المن بتتميز بأنها ذات أجزاء فم ثاقبة ماصة ذات الأجزاء الإبريه حيث تستطيع الحشره أن تدخلها في بشره النبات أو القمه الناميه للنبات وبتتغذى على عصاره النبات بإمتصاص من النبات وأغلب حشرات من القطن بتظهر من غير أجنحة وكلها عباره عن إناث تتوالد بكريا وتضع حريات مباشره دون أن تتلقح من الذكور ولكن عندما تسارع الحشرات الكامله لمن أن تغادر المكان وتنتقل إلى محصول آخر وذلك نتيجة لأحد الأسباب الأتيه مثل جفاف النباتات أو حدوث تغيير في درجات الحراره أو حدوث تغيير في نسبه الرطوبه بدرجه لا تناسب وتسمح بحياه أفراد المن فإن الحشرات الكامله تلد حريات ذات أجنحة لها القدره على الطيران والإنتقال إلى عوائق أخرى لتعيد دوره حياتها

العوائل

 يعتبر المن له عوائل متعددة ويصيب عدة عوائل بيصل إلى 50 نوع تقريبا من العائلات النباتية ومنها البامية والعائلة الخبازية والسمسم وأنواع الخضر للعائلة القرعيه كالخيار والقرع والبطيخ والشمام والعائلة الباذنجانية وأشجار الموالح والقطن

 دوره حياه حشره من القطن

 حشرات من القطن تتكاثر بكريا وبتلد إناث حوريات مباشرة على أوراق النبات وعلى البراعم الطرفيه وتبدا الحريات بعد الولادة مباشرة في الحركة بصورة بسيطة ثم تبدا في غرز أجزاء فما ثاقبة الماصة والتغذية مباشرة من إمتصاص العصاره من بشره الورقه النبات أو من القمه النامية إذا كانت موجودة عليها وبتصل الحريات إلى طور الحشرة الكاملة بعد فترة قليلة جدا وبتبدا هي الأخرى في إستكمال دوره حياتها وتلد إناث مباشرة

ميعاد أصابة القطن بحشرات المن

 يصيب القطن خلال فترتين الفتره الأولى عندما يكون شتله صغيره في أواخر مارس وحتى أوائل يونيو 

بينما الفترة الثانية فتحدث والنباتات كبيرة في الحجم وتكون من منتصف أغسطس حتى شهر سبتمبر ونتيجة لتغذية أفراد المن على نسبه كبيرة من الكربوهيدرات فإنها بتخرجها في صورة إفرازات ذات محتوى عالي من السكر و تتخرجها عن طريق فتحة الشرج تسمى بالندوة العسلية

 يرقات المن تنسلخ أربع إنسلخات وبعد الإنسلاخ الرابع بتتحول الحريه إلى طور الحشره الكاملة ولها أربع أعمار حتي تصل إلى طور الحريه خلال أربع أيام خلال فصل الصيف بينما تصل لثلاث أسابيع خلال فصل الشتاء 

حشرات المن بتكون نشطة طول العام ولها 54 جيل في السنة تم تسجيلهم في مصر

 مظهر الإصابة وضرر

 نتيجه لإمتصاص الحريات والحشرات الكامله العصاره النباتيه بإستخدام أجزاء فما ثاقبة الماصة محدثة تجاعد للأوراق وكذلك إصفرار وجفاف الأوراق 

وعند الشداد الإصابة يؤدي إلى موت القمة النامية للنبات  وتوقف نمو النبات وبالتالي ضعفة وقلة اثمارة

 عندما يصيب حشرات المن النباتات الكبيره بيؤدي إلى ضعفها 

كما أن المن يقوم بإفراز نسبه عالية من الندوة العسلية التي تساعد في نمو الفطريات المختلفة علي هذة العوائل

المكافحة

 تخلص من الحشائش التي تعتبر عوائل الوسطى لأفراد المن والتي تنتقل من خلالها إلى المحاصيل

 يجب إكتشاف المن مباشره وهو في حاله أعداد الصغيرة قبل أن يتكاثر ويتزايد أعدادة وتجمع الأوراق المصابه ويتم إعدامها 

إستخدام المكافحه الحيويه كحشرات الظفيليات الداخلية مثل حشرات  رتبة غشائية الأجنحة حيث لهذه الأفراد القدرة على وضع البيض داخل أفراد المن ويفقس البيض وتخرج اليرقات وتتغذى على المحتوى الداخلي للمن ثم تخرج من المن حشرات كاملة

 استخدام المفترسات التي تتغذى على المن مثل الذبابه السيرفس اسد أو ابو العيد ذو 11 نقطه

 إستخدام المكافحة الكميائية

يتم رش بؤر الإصابه مثل كابولو50%

 ومارشال25%

 جاشو70%

 اونيكول30%

 إستخدام بدائل الكيميائيه مثل إستخدام المركبات الحيويه مثل ام بيد 49% 

محلول الخميره

 كزد اوبل

 

Life cycle of the mole cricket

 Partition mode:

Order:orthoptera

Family: Gryllotalpidae

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa

 Conformation: incomplete

 Harmful stage: Nymph stage and complete insects

 Mouth parts: biting

 Description of the insect:

 Adult insects are large in size, 4-5.5 cm long. Their body is cylindrical and brown in colour. There is short, light-coloured hair on the body. The first thoracic ring is characterized by being large and solid, while the hind wings are longer to cover the body when resting, which helps the insect to fly.

 Plant families on which insects feed

 These insects feed on seeds below the surface of the soil, such as the seeds of cotton plants, corn, potatoes, potatoes, tomatoes, and vegetable plants, such as plants of the cucurbit family, such as watermelon. They also feed on fruits located above the surface of the soil, such as cucumbers and squash, and they feed on fruits of the leguminous family, such as beans. They also infect tubers below the surface of the soil, such as potatoes and yams. These insects can feed on Animal food, so they prey on earthworms and some of the insect larvae that they encounter in the ground, such as cutworms and cotton leafworms. However, if the size of these insects increases, their density and numbers increase, and their food decreases, they prey on some of them, and this phenomenon is called the cannibalism 

 When an infestation appears, the mole cricket  infestations 

 usually appear from seed placement and the longevity of the plant, as borer insects spread in Egypt from north to south in agricultural lands, gardens, the Nile Islands, waterways, drains, and the sides of canals, where adult insects can pass through the tunnels they make beneath the surface of the soil in wet lands. These insects are highly sensitive to drought

The complete insect life cycle of the mole cricket 

 They make two types of tunnels. The first type they make while they are roaming and feeding. They are turbid tunnels close to the surface of the soil, with a diameter of about 1-1.5 cm. They allow insects to pass while they are roaming and feeding, while the second type is below the surface of the soil at a depth of 15 to 20 cm. These insects make this tunnel. With the aim of laying eggs and storing food or nourishment in it, the female of these insects builds a room on one side of the tunnel. This room is made of clay mixed with plant parts, with a diameter of about 15 cm. This room is called the living room, and is made by the females with the aim of laying eggs in it. The female remains guarding this room until incubation. The house until the eggs hatch, and the incubation period for the eggs reaches three weeks. Mating may occur between females and males in the spring, and the female lays about 500 eggs. When the eggs hatch and the nymphs emerge, she spends a few days inside the tunnel and then emerges searching for food. These harriers have 10 lifespans and then transform into the full-grown insect. Within a year, and the lifespan of adult insects is about a year. These insects have one generation every two years. During this period, they live inside the tunnels in the form of adult insects or insects in the winter, while in the spring they begin to be active and reach their peak of activity during the month of May.

دوره حياه الحشرات الحفار أو كلب البحر

 الحفار أو كلب البحر

الوضع التقسيمي :

رتبه مستقيمه الأجنحة 

Order:orthoptera

Family: Gryllotalpidae

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa 🦗🦗🦗🦗

 التشكل :ناقص 

الطور الضار: الحريات والحشرات الكامله

 أجزاء الفم :قارضة

وصف الحشره :

الحشرات الكامله كبيره الحجم طولها من 4- 5.5 سم جسمها اسطواني لونه بني يوجد على الجسم وبر قصير لونه فاتح تتميز الحلقه الصدريه الأولى بأنها ذات حجم كبير وبتكون صلبه بينما الأجنحة الخلفيه فهي أطول لتغطي الجسم وقت الراحه مما يساعد الحشره علي الطيران

العوائل:

 بتتغذى هذه الحشرات على البذور أسفل سطح التربه ك بذور نباتات القطن والذرة والبطاطس والبطاطا طماطم ونباتات الخضر ك نباتات العائله القرعية ك البطيخ و تتغذى أيضا على الثمار الموجوده فوق سطح التربه كالخيار و القرع و تتغذى على ثمار العائله البقولية كالفول كذلك تصيب الدرنات أسفل سطح التربه كالبطاطس والبطاطا ويمكن لهذه الحشرات أن تتغذى غذاء حيوانيآ فتقوم بإفتراس ديدان الأرض وبعض من اليرقات الحشرات التي تقابلها في الأرض ك دوده القارضه و دوده ورق القطن بينما إذا زاد حجم هذه الحشرات وزادت كثافتها و أعدادها وقال غذائها فإنها تفترس بعضها وتسمى هذه الظاهره بظاهرة الإفتراس الذاتي cannibalism 

ميعاد ظهور إصابه عادآ تظهر الإصابه بالحفارات من وضع البذور وطول عمر النبات حيث تنتشر حشرات الحفار في مصر من شمالها لجنوبها في الأراضي الزراعيه والحدائق وجزر النيل و المساقي والمصارف و جوانب الترعه حيث تستطيع حشرات الكامله أن تعبر من خلال الأنفاق التي تصنعها أسفل سطح التربه في الأراضي الرطبه وتتميز هذه الحشرات بأنها ذات حساسيه شديده للجفاف

دوره الحياه الحشرات الكامله للحفار 

بتصنع نوعين من الأنفاق النوع الأول بتصنعة أثناء تجولها وتغذيتها وبتكون أنفاق متعركة قريبه من سطح التربه وقطر بيصل حوالي 1-1.5 سم يسمح بمرور الحشرات أثناء تجولها وتغذيتها بينما النوع الثاني بيكون أسفل سطح التربه بعمق يصل من 15 ل 20 سم وهذه الحشرات تقوم بصنع هذا النفق بهدف وضع البيض وتخزين الطعام أو الغذاء فيه وتقوم أنثى هذه الحشرات ببناء غرفه على إحد جانبي النفق هذه الغرفه تكون مصنوعه من الطين ممزوجة بأجزاء نباتيه قطرها بيصل حوالي 15 سم هذه الغرفه تسمى بغرفه العيش تصنعها الإناث بهدف وضع البيض فيها فتبقى الأنثى حارسه لهذه الغرفه حتى حضانه البيت حتى يفقس البيض وتصل فتره حضانه البيض لثلاث أسابيع وقد يحدث تزاوج بين الإناث والذكور في الربيع وتقوم الأنثى بوضع حوالي 500 بيضه وعندما يفقس البيض وتخرج الحريات تقضي بضعة ايام داخل النفق ثم تخرج باحثه عن الغذاء هذه الحريات لها 10 أعمار ثم تتحول إلى الحشره الكامله وذلك خلال سنه كما أن عمر الحشرات الكامله حوالي سنه لهذه الحشرات جيل واحد كل سنتين خلال هذه الفتره تسكن داخل الأنفاق على هيئه حشرات كامله أو حريات في فصل الشتاء بينما في الربيع يبدا في النشاط وتصل قمه نشاطها خلال شهر مايو

The life cycle of desert locust insects

 Description of locust insects with a solitary appearance:

 In this appearance, these insects are green with black markings, while the adult insect becomes greyish-green in color until it reaches sexual maturity.

 Main locations of desert locusts

 1- The first region is located in Sudan, Eritrea, and Abyssinia

 2-The second region is located in western Sudan and the Sahara desert regions

 3- The third region is Yemen, after the regions of the Arabian Peninsula

 The life cycle of these insects?

 When the insects become sexually mature, mating occurs between females and males, and the fertilization process may take several hours, and one male can fertilize several females. The females choose suitable places with dry, moist soil in which to lay their eggs, using an egg-laying machine, which they insert into the soil and secrete a substance.  She lays one egg after another until she finishes the egg mass. The egg mass ranges from 20 to 99 eggs in one hole, and a single female can lay 300 eggs during her life cycle.

 Bridges often choose canals, waterways, light agricultural lands, and valleys, and bury their eggs in them.

 Description of locust eggs

 Locust eggs are characterized by their spindle-shaped shape, with a yellow color. As the embryo grows, the color becomes brown. They need a high enough humidity for the embryo to grow. The lower the humidity level, the lower the hatching rate of the eggs. The incubation period for the eggs is 10 days, and this period varies depending on the temperature. This period may be longer in the winter to  More than two months, the length of the young nymphs in their first ages ranges from 11 to 12 millimeters and increases in size with each molt. Their voraciousness in feeding increases and they begin to form wings at the third age. The length of the nymphs stage lasts from three to four months, and the number of nymphs stages increases until it reaches  The adult insect has five lifespans and may reach sexual maturity after 2-4 weeks when appropriate conditions exist for growth until it reaches the adult stage.

Swarms of desert locusts

 Symptoms of injury and damage:

 Swarms of locusts feed voraciously on existing plants and green spaces, leaving their families with dry leaves.

 Desert locust control

 It is preferable that control be carried out in desert locust breeding areas through the following methods

 1- By getting rid of eggs by plowing the land and obtaining egg masses without exposing them to biological predators and weather factors, or by burning these masses.

 2- Combating nymphs by using flamethrowers, which are machine guns filled with gasoline.

 3- Using poisonous baits by mixing the pesticide with wet bran and scattering it early in the morning in places where freedom is gathered.

4- Biological control using some predators that feed on locust eggs and some parasites and insect parasites that feed on eggs, while adult insects and insects use some types of birds, lizards, snakes and some insect predators, such as the predatory praying mantis, which feeds on insects and adult insects, as well as using various types of  Intrusive mites

Desert locust insects

divisional mode

 Order: Orthoptera

 Family: Acrididae

 schistocerca gregaria

 Type of mouth parts: rodent

 Harmful phase: freedom and adult insects

 Description of migratory locust insects

 The length of the entire locust is about 5 cm, while the female is slightly larger than the male before sexual maturity. Its color is reddish and turns yellow during puberty. The front wings are characterized by the presence of small brown squares. The first thoracic ring bears three gutters, while the hind wings are transparent.

  the color The insect :is brown in its first stages, then turns orange with black parts as it grows. While the adult insect's color becomes reddish before puberty, then becomes yellow at sexual maturity, and these colors are more apparent in the males of these insects than in the females.

 These insects are characterized by the fact that they reproduce far from the places where they invade and feed. As for the place where they lay eggs, the insects grow and feed until they reach the stage of the full insect.

 The phenomenon of migratory or migratory locusts

This is a result of the high and dense numbers of insects that feed voraciously, and their movements become active with the rise in temperature, which leads to crowding of individuals in their places of presence, lack of food, and lack of grasses on which they feed, which leads to them gathering in very large and large numbers, so they work to form groups and fly in a circular manner above the rest of the individuals. Some of these insects fly with them, and the number of flying insects increases, and they travel and migrate to places full of food and vast green spaces, causing widespread losses. They may cause the loss of the entire green area and eliminate it. They may migrate from one continent to another, or from one country to another. They move very quickly during the day. If its group moves and flies in a certain direction, the rest moves behind it, creating the phenomenon of nomadism

Diseases caused by slime fungi

 Division: myxomycota

 Following the slime fungi, the gelatinous fungi are divided into two classes:

 Class: myxomycetes

 Class: plasmodiophoromycetes

 Vegetative body: It consists of masses of wallless protoplasm called plasmodium

 Movement: It looks like an amoeba

 Living: It lives as a parasite inside plant cuttings, especially high-quality vascular plants

 Reproduction: Through single-celled spores that may be mobile or stationary, with a spherical shape and a single set of chromosomes. They are covered in a smooth chitinous covering that preserves them and protects them from unsuitable conditions. When suitable conditions exist, they germinate and transform into mobile spores that produce two spores of different lengths.

 It includes a number of ranks, such as:

 Order: plasmodiophorales

 This order includes a large number of families, such as:

 Family: plasmodiophoraceae

 Which in turn includes a large number of pathogens, such as the causative agent of clubroot disease in the Cruciferous family, and the fungus that causes powdery potato scab.